Journal of Endodontics
Volume 33, Issue 11 , Pages 1283-1289 , November 2007

Clinical Efficiency of 2% Chlorhexidine Gel in Reducing Intracanal Bacteria

  • Ching S. Wang, DDS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • ,
  • Roland R. Arnold, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic Sciences and General Dentistry Research, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
    • ,
  • Martin Trope, DMD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • ,
  • Fabricio B. Teixeira, DDS, MS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress requests for reprints to Dr Fabricio Teixeira, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599.

References 

  1. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1965;20:340–349
  2. Möller AJ, Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Öhman A, Heyden G. Influence on periradicular tissues of indigenous oral bacteria and necrotic pulp tissue in monkeys. Scand J Dent Res. 1981;89:475–484
  3. Byström A, Happonen RP, Sjögren U, Sundqvist G. Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1987;3:58–63
  4. Sjögren U, Figdor D, Persson S, Sundqvist G. Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical peridontitis. Int Endod J. 1997;30:297–306
  5. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scand J Dent Res. 1981;89:321–328
  6. Dalton BC, Ørstavik D, Phillips C, Pettiette M, Trope M. Bacterial reduction with nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation. J Endod. 1998;24:763–767
  7. Shuping GB, Ørstavik D, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation and various medications. J Endod. 2000;26:751–755
  8. McGurkin-Smith R, Trope M, Caplan D, Sigurdsson A. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using GT rotary Instrumentation, 5.25% NaOCl, EDTA, and Ca(OH)2. J Endod. 2005;21:359–363
  9. Ørstavik D, Kerekes K, Molven O. Effects of extensive apical reaming and calcium hydroxide dressing on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis: a pilot study. Int Endod J. 1991;24:1–7
  10. Sjögren U, Figdor D, Spangberg L, Sundqvist G. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. Int Endod J. 1991;24:119–125
  11. Hülsmann , Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation—literature review and case reports. Int Endod J. 2000;33:186–193
  12. McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:147–149
  13. Russell AD, Day MJ. Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine. J Hosp Infect. 1993;25:229–238
  14. Delany GM, Patterson SS, Miller CH, Newton CW. The effect of chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation on the root canal flora of freshly extracted necrotic teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982;53:518–523
  15. Jeansonne MJ, White RR. A comparision of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 1994;20:276–278
  16. Vianna ME, Gomes BP, Berber VB, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, de Souza-Filho FJ. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97:79–84
  17. Zamany A, Safavi K, Spångberg L. The effect of chlorhexidine as an endodontic disinfectant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 2003;96:578–581
  18. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006;32:389–398
  19. Rosenthal S, Spangberg L, Safavi K. Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:488–492
  20. Filho M, Leonardo M, Silva L, Anibal F, Faccioli L. Inflammatory responses to different endodontic irrigating solutions. Int Endod J. 2002;35:735–739
  21. Naenni N, Thoma K, Zehnder M. Soft tissue dissolution capacity of currently used and potential endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 2004;30:785–787
  22. Ferraz CC, Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes BP, Zaia AA, Teixeira FB, de Souza-Filho FJ. In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial action and the mechanical ability of chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant. J Endod. 2001;27:452–455
  23. Manzur A, González AM, Pozos A, Silva-Herzog D, Friedman S. Bacterial quantification in teeth with apical periodontitis related to instrumentation and different intracanal medications: a randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2007;33:114–118
  24. Oliveira DP, Gomes BP, Zaia AA, Souza-Filho FJ, Ferraz CC. In vitro assessment of a gel base containing 2% chlorhexidine as a sodium perborate’s vehicle for intracoronal bleaching of discolored teeth. J Endod. 2006;32:672–674
  25. Zamany A, Spangberg LS. An effective method of inactivating chlorhexidine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93:617–620
  26. Vianna ME, Horz HP, Gomes BP, Conrads G. In vivo evaluation of microbial reduction after chemo-mechanical preparation of human root canals containing necrotic pulp tissue. Int Endod J. 2006;39:484–492
  27. Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules. J Dent Res. 1987;66:1375–1379
  28. Gomes BP, Vianna ME, Sena NT, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, de Souza Filho FJ. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine gel used as intracanal medicament. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 2006;102:544–550
  29. Sirén EK, Haapasalo MP, Waltimo TM, Ørstavik D. In vitro antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine or iodine potassium iodide on Enterococcus faecalis. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004;112:326–331
  30. Podbielski A, Spahr A, Haller B. Additive antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on common endodontic bacterial pathogens. J Endod. 2003;29:340–345
  31. Siqueira JF, Paiva S, Rôcas IN. Reduction in the cultivable bacterial populations in infected root canals by a chlorhexidine-based antimicrobial protocol. J Endod. 2007;33:541–547
  32. Zerella JA, Fouad AF, Spangberg LS. Effectiveness of a calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine digluconate mixture as disinfectant during retreatment of failed endodontic cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100:756–761
  33. Trope M, Delano EO, Ørstavik D. Endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: single vs (multivisit treatment). J Endod. 1999;25:345–350
  34. Peters LB, Wesselink PR. Periapical healing of endodontically treated teeth in one and two visits obturated in the presence or absence of detectable microorganisms. Int Endod J. 2002;35:660–667
  35. Waltimo T, Trope M, Haapasalo M, Orstavik D. Clinical efficacy of treatment procedures in endodontic infection control and one year follow-up of periapical healing. J Endod. 2005;31:863–866

 Supported by the AAE foundation.

PII: S0099-2399(07)00639-5

doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.010

Journal of Endodontics
Volume 33, Issue 11 , Pages 1283-1289 , November 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution