Abstract
Introduction
Crosstalk between immune cells and tissue-resident cells regulates the pathophysiology
and posttreatment healing of apical periodontitis. This investigation aimed to understand
the influence of residual root canal biofilm on macrophage (MQ)–periodontal ligament
fibroblast (PdLF) interaction and evaluate the effect of engineered chitosan-based
nanoparticles (CSnp) on MQ-PdLF interactions in residual biofilm-mediated inflammation.
Methods
Six-week-old Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in root canal models were disinfected conventionally using sodium hypochlorite
alone or followed by calcium hydroxide medication or CSnp dispersed in carboxymethylated
chitosan (CMCS). The effect of the treated biofilms (n = 25/group) on the inflammatory response of THP-1–differentiated MQ monoculture versus
coculture with PdLF was evaluated for cell viability, MQ morphometric characterization,
inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin [IL]-1
beta, IL-1RA, IL-6, transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β1], and IL-10), and the
expression of transcription factors (pSTAT1/pSTAT6)/cluster of differentiation markers
(CD80/206) after 24, 48, and 72 hours of interaction. PdLF transwell migration was
evaluated after 8 and 24 hours. Unstimulated cells served as the negative control,
whereas untreated biofilm was the positive control.
Results
Biofilm increased nitric oxide and IL-1β but suppressed IL-10, IL-1RA, and PdLF migration
with significant cytotoxic effects. CSnp/CMCS reduced nitric oxide and IL-1β (P < .01) while maintaining ≥90% cell survival up to 72 hours with evident M2-like MQ
phenotypic changes in coculture. CSnp/CMCS also increased the IL-1RA/IL-1β ratio and
enhanced TGF-β1 production over time (P < .05, 72 hours). In coculture, CSnp/CMCS showed the highest IL-10 level at 72 hours
(P < .01), reduced the pSTAT1/pSTAT6 ratio, and enhanced PdLF migration (P < .01, 24 hours).
Conclusions
CSnp/CMCS medication facilitated MQ switch toward M2 (regulatory/anti-inflammatory)
phenotype and PdLF migration via paracrine signaling.
Key Words
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 29, 2021
Identification
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© 2021 American Association of Endodontists.
